Bible Encyclopedia: Haggai

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International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

HAGGAI

hag'-a-i, hag'-a-i (chaggay, an adjective formed from chagh, "feast"):

1. Name:

The word "Haggai" may mean "festal," the prophet having been born perhaps on a festival day; compare the Roman name "Festus." Hebrew proper names were sometimes formed in this manner, e.g. Barzillai, "a man of iron," from barzel, "iron." Haggai may, however, be a shortened form of Haggiah (1 Chronicles 6:30), meaning "festival of Yahweh," as Mattenai is an abbreviation of Mattaniah (Ezra 10:33, 16). In Greek Haggaios, in Latin, Aggaeus or Aggeus, sometimes Haggaeus. Haggai is the 10th in the order of the Twelve Prophets.

2. Personal History:

Little is really known of his personal history. But we do know that he lived soon after the captivity, being the first of the prophets of the Restoration. From Haggai 2:3 of his prophecies it is inferred by many that he had seen the first temple, which, as we know, was destroyed in 586 B.C. If so, he must have prophesied when a comparatively old man, for we know the exact date of his prophecies, 520 B.C. According to Ezra 5:1; Ezra 6:14, he was a contemporary of Zechariah, and was associated with him in the work of rebuilding the temple; besides, in the Greek and Latin and Syriac VSS, his name stands with Zechariah's at the head of certain psalms, e.g. Psalm 111 (112), in the Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) alone; Psalms 125; 126, in the Peshitta alone; Psalm 137, in the Septuagint alone; Psalms 146; 147; 148, in Septuagint and Peshitta; and Psalm 145, in Septuagint, Peshitta and Vulgate; perhaps these psalms were introduced into the temple-service on their recommendation. He was a prophet of great faith (compare 2:1-5); it is possible that he was a priest also (compare 2:10-19). Like Malachi he bears the name of "Yahweh's messenger" (Heg 1:13; compare Malachi 3:1). According to Jewish tradition, he was a member of the Great Synagogue.

3. Work:

Haggai's work was intensely practical and important. Yahweh employed him to awaken the conscience and stimulate the enthusiasm of his compatriots in the rebuilding of the temple. "No prophet ever appeared at a more critical juncture in the history of the people, and, it may be added, no prophet was more successful" (Marcus Dods). Zechariah assisted him (compare Haggai 1:1 Zechariah 1:1).

4. Period and Circumstances:

Haggai's prophecies, like Ezekiel's, are dated "in the second year of Darius" (Haggai 1:1; Haggai 2:10), i.e. 520 B.C. The Jews, 42,360 strong (Ezra 2:64), had returned from Babylon 16 years before (536 B.C.), under the leadership of Zerubbabel, the civil head of the community, and Joshua, the ecclesiastical. The generous edict of Cyrus had made return possible (compare Ezra 1:1-4). The new colonists had settled in Jerusalem and in the neighboring towns of Bethlehem, Bethel, Anathoth, Gibeon, Kiriath-jearim, and others adjacent (Ezra 2:20). Eager to reestablish the public worship of the sanctuary, they set about at once to erect the altar of burnt offering upon its old site (Ezra 3:2, 3; compare Haggai 2:14). Plans were also made for the immediate rebuilding of the temple, and the foundation stone was actually laid in the 2nd month of the 2nd year of the return (Ezra 3:8-10), but the work was suddenly interrupted by the jealous, half-caste, semi-pagan Samaritans, descendants of the foreign colonists introduced into Samaria in 722 B.C. (compare 2 Kings 17:24-41), whose offer to cooperate had been refused (Ezra 4:1-5, 24). For 16 years thereafter nothing was done toward rearing the superstructure (Ezra 4:5, 24; Ezra 5:16); indeed, the Jews became indifferent, and began to build for themselves "ceiled houses" (Haggai 1:4). (W. H. Kosters has attempted to show that there was no return under Cyrus, and that Haggai and Zechariah, who never allude to any return, but rather look upon the return as still in the future (compare Zechariah 2:6, 7), preached to the Jews who remained in Jerusalem, never having been carried by Nebuchadnezzar into captivity in 586 B.C. But this theory is opposed by too many converging lines of Scriptural statement to warrant serious credence.) With the accession of Darius Hystaspes (i.e. Darius, the son of Hystaspes), the tide turned. Darius was a true successor to Cyrus, and favored religious freedom. Through the influence of the prophets Haggai and Zechariah, the people were roused from their lethargy, and the work of rebuilding was resumed with energy in 520 B.C. (Haggai 1:14, 15). The foundations were relaid (Haggai 2:18). Four years later, in the 6th year of Darius, the whole structure was completed and dedicated (Ezra 6:15). Meanwhile important events were taking place in the Persian empire. On the death (of Cambyses in 522 B.C., the throne had been seized by a usurper, the so-called Pseudo-Smerdis. who held it, however, for some 7 months only. He was murdered by Darius, and the latter was elevated to the throne. But this gave other ambitious pretenders cause to rebel, and many provinces revolted, among them Susiana, Media, Assyria, Armenia, Parthia, and others (compare the famous Behistun inscription). Altogether Darius fought 19 battles in putting down his rivals, and did not succeed in vanquishing all of his foes till the year after Haggai prophesied. This accounts for the prophet's repeated allusions to Yahweh's "shaking" the nations (2:6, 7, 21, 22). Haggai seems to regard the "shaking" of the nations as the precursor of the Messianic age. It was, therefore, important from the prophet's point of view, that Yahweh's temple should be made ready for the Messiah's advent, that it might become the religious center of the world (compare Isaiah 2:2-4). The exact date of Haggai's preaching was from September to December, 520 B.C.

5. Analysis:

Haggai's prophecies are dated and therefore easily analyzed. They are composed of four distinct discourses, all four being delivered within 4 months' time in the year 520 B.C.:

(1) Haggai 1, delivered on the 1st day of the 6th month (September), in which the prophet reproaches the people for their indifference to the work of rebuilding the temple, and warns them to consider their ways; assuring them that their procrastination was not due to want of means (1:4), and that God on account of their apathy was withholding the produce of the field (1:10). The effect of this appeal was that 24 days later, all the people, including Zerubbabel and Joshua, began the work of reconstruction (1:14, 15).

(2) Haggai 2:1-9, delivered on the 21st day of the 7th month (October), which was about one month after the work had been resumed, and containing a note of encouragement to those who felt that the new structure was destined to be so much inferior to Solomon's temple. The prophet, on the contrary, assures them that the latter glory of the new house shall eclipse that of Solomon's magnificent temple, for soon a great "shaking" on Yahweh's part among the nations will usher in the Messianic age, and the precious things of all nations will flow in to beautify it (compare Hebrews 12:26-28).

(3) Haggai 2:10-19, delivered on the 24th day of the 9th month (December) which was exactly 3 months after the building had been resumed, and containing, like the first discourse, a rebuke to the people because of their indifference and inertia. The discourse is couched in the form of a parable (2:11-14), by means of which the prophet explains why the prayers of the people go unanswered. It is because they have so long postponed the completion of the temple; a taint of guilt vitiates everything they do, and blasting and mildew and hail, and consequently unfruitful seasons, are the result. On the other hand, if they will but press forward with the work, Yahweh will again bless them, and fruitful seasons will follow their revived zeal (2:19; compare Zechariah 8:9-12).

(4) Haggai 2:20-23, delivered on the 24th day of the 9th month, the very same day as that on which the discourse in 2:10-19 was delivered. The sequence is immediate. For when Yahweh "shakes" the nations, He will establish Zerubbabel, the representative of the Davidic dynasty and the object of patriotic hopes. When the heathen powers are overthrown, Zerubbabel will stand unshaken as Yahweh's honored and trusted vicegerent, and as the precious signet on Yahweh's hand (compare Jeremiah 22:24 Songs 8:6).

6. Message:

The most striking feature in Haggai's message is its repeated claim of Divine origin: 5 times in the 38 verses of his prophecies, he tells us that "the word of Yahweh came" unto him (Haggai 1:1, 3; Haggai 2:1, 10, 20); 4 t, also, he used the formula, "Thus saith Yahweh of hosts" (1:2, 5, 7; 2:11); 5 times "saith Yahweh of hosts" (1:9; 2:6, 7, 9, 23); and 4 times simply "saith Yahweh" (1:13; 2:4, 14, 17). Altogether he uses the exalted phrase "Yahweh of hosts" 14 t, besides 19 repetitions of the single but ineffable name "Yahweh." The most striking sentence in all his prophecies is probably that found in 1:13, "Then spake Haggai, Yahweh's messenger in Yahweh's message unto the people." His single purpose, as we have above seen, was to encourage the building of the temple. This he seems to have regarded as essential to the purity of Israel's religion. His key-exhortation is "Consider your ways" (1:5:7; compare 2:15, 18). His prophecies reflect the conditions of his age. He points to judgments as a proof of the Divine displeasure (1:9, 10; 2:15-19). Unlike the earlier prophets, he does not denounce idolatry; but like his contemporary, Zechariah, and his successor, Malachi, he does lay stress on the external side of religion. Chief interest centers in the somewhat unusual parable contained in Haggai 2:10-19, which teaches that holiness is not contagious, but that evil is. "The faint aroma of sanctity coming from their altar and sacrifices was too feeble to pervade the secular atmosphere of their life" (A. B. Davidson, Exile and Restoration, 82). Haggai argues that Israel's sacrifices for 16 years had been unclean in God's sight, and had brought them no blessing, because they had left the temple in ruins; and, that while a healthy man cannot give his health to another by touching him, a sick man may easily spread contagion among all those about him. The thought is suggestive. Haggai may or may not have been a priest, "but in so short a prophecy this elaborate allusion to ritual is very significant." Another very striking thought in Haggai's book is his reference to Zerubbabel as Yahweh's "servant" and "signet," whom Yahweh has "chosen" (2:23). Wellhausen regards these words as an equivalent to making Zerubbabel the Messiah; but it is enough to think that the prophet is attempting only to restore him to the honorable position from which his grandfather, Jehoiachin, in Jeremiah 22:24, had been degraded. Thus would the prophet link Zerubbabel, the political hope of the post-exilic congregation, to the royal line of Judah. Isaiah speaks of Cyrus in similar terms without any Messianic implication (Isaiah 44:28; Isaiah 45:1). On the other hand, the implicit Messianic import of Haggai 2:7, 8 is recognized on all sides.

7. Style:

Haggai's style is suited to the contents of his prophecies. While he is less poetical than his predecessors, yet parallelism is not altogether wanting in his sentence (Haggai 2:8). Compared with the greater books of prophecy, his brief message has been declared "plain and unadorned," "tame and prosaic"; yet it must be acknowledged that he is not wanting in pathos when he reproves, or in force when he exhorts. Though he labors under a poverty of terms, and frequently repeats the same formulas, yet he was profoundly in earnest, and became the most successful in his purpose of all his class. He was especially fond of interrogation. At best we have only a summary, probably, of what he actually preached.

8. Criticism:

The critical questions involved in Haggai's case are not serious: Haggai 2:5 a, for example, is wanting in the Septuagint; to 2:14 the Septuagint adds from Amos 5:10; Amos 5:17 is very similar to, and seems dependent on, Amos 4:9; Amos 1:7 b and 13, are rejected by some as later interpolations; while Klostermann and Marti hold that the book as a whole was not written by Haggai at all, but rather about his prophetic activity, a perfectly gratuitous assumption without any substantial proof in its favor.

LITERATURE.

Driver, New Century Bible, "The Minor Prophets," II, 1906; LOT, 1909; G. A. Smith, Expositor's Bible, "The Twelve Prophets," II, 1898; E. B. Pusey, The Minor Prophets, II, 1878; M. Dods, "Handbooks for Bible Classes," Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi; J. Wellhausen, Die kleinen Propheten ubersetzt u. erklart, 1898; W. Nowack, Die kleinen Propheten ubersetzt u. erklart, 1905; K. Marti, Dodekapropheton erklart, 1904; H. G. Mitchell, ICC, 1912.

George L. Robinson

Strong's Hebrew

2292. Chaggay -- "festal," a Hebrew prophet
... Chaggay. 2292a . "festal," a Hebrew prophet. Transliteration: Chaggay Phonetic
Spelling: (khag-gah'-ee) Short Definition: Haggai. Haggai ... Prophet -- Haggai. ...
/hebrew/2292.htm - 5k

2292a. Chaggay -- "festal," a Hebrew prophet
... 2292, 2292a. Chaggay. 2292b . "festal," a Hebrew prophet. Transliteration:
Chaggay Short Definition: Haggai. ... prophet NASB Word Usage Haggai (9). 2292, 2292a ...
/hebrew/2292a.htm - 5k

2292b. Chaggay -- a Hebrew prophet
... 2292a, 2292b. Chaggay. 2293 . a Hebrew prophet. Transliteration: Chaggay Short
Definition: Haggai. ... prophet NASB Word Usage Haggai (2). 2292a, 2292b. ...
/hebrew/2292b.htm - 5k

Library

Haggai
... HAGGAI. ... Post-exilic prophecy has little of the literary or moral power of earlier
prophecy, but it would be very easy to do less than justice to Haggai. ...
//christianbookshelf.org/mcfadyen/introduction to the old testament/haggai.htm

That Haggai's Prophecy, in which He Said that the Glory of the ...
... Chapter 48."That Haggai's Prophecy, in Which He Said that the Glory of the House
of God Would Be Greater Than that of the First Had Been, Was Really Fulfilled ...
/.../augustine/city of god/chapter 48 that haggais prophecy in.htm

And Phinees a Priest, and Adas a Teacher, and Haggai a Levite...
... Part I."The Acts of Pilate. First Greek Form. Chapter 14. And Phinees
a priest, and Adas a teacher, and Haggai a Levite� And ...
/.../unknown/the gospel of nicodemus /chapter 14 and phinees a.htm

Of the Prophecy of the Three Prophets, Haggai, Zechariah, and ...
... Book XVIII. Chapter 35."Of the Prophecy of the Three Prophets, Haggai, Zechariah,
and Malachi. ... Footnotes: [1201] Haggai 2:6. [1202] Zechariah 9:9, 10. ...
/...//christianbookshelf.org/augustine/city of god/chapter 35 of the prophecy of.htm

Zephaniah and Haggai.
... For the Outline Study of the Bible by Books. * * * * Chapter XXII. Zephaniah and
Haggai. Chapter XXII. Zephaniah and Haggai. Zephaniah. The Prophet. ...
/.../chapter xxii zephaniah and haggai.htm

The Kingdom Restored
... Ezra Page Nehemiah Page. Haggai Page. Zechariah Page. EZRA. ... HAGGAI. A STUDY OF THE
FOUR BRIEF PROPHECIES OF THE BOOK. Prophecy Number One: Chapter 1:1-15. ...
/.../palmer/a birds-eye view of the bible/vii the kingdom restored.htm

Brave Encouragements
... HAGGAI BRAVE ENCOURAGEMENTS. 'In the seventh month, in the one and twentieth
day of the month, came the word of the Lord by the prophet ...
/.../maclaren/expositions of holy scripture a/brave encouragements.htm

Preached Before the Governor, and Council, and the House of ...
... The occasion of such an extraordinary vision, if we compare this passage with the
second chapter of the Prophecy of the prophet Haggai, seems to be this: It ...
/.../selected sermons of george whitefield/preached before the governor and.htm

Lost Earnings
... XIV Lost Earnings. 'He that earneth wages earneth wages to put it into
a bag with holes.' (Haggai 1:6.). In our Holiness Meetings ...
/.../howard/standards of life and service/xiv lost earnings.htm

That the Jews Ceased to have Prophets after the Rebuilding of the ...
... For so, indeed, did that car nal people understand what was foretold by Haggai the
prophet, saying, "The glory of this latter house shall be greater than that ...
/.../augustine/city of god/chapter 45 that the jews ceased.htm

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

Haggai

feast; solemnity

Smith's Bible Dictionary

Haggai

(festive), the tenth in order of the minor prophets, and first of those who prophesied after the captivity. With regard to his tribe and parentage history and tradition are alike silent.

ATS Bible Dictionary

Haggai

One of the minor prophets, probably accompanied Zerubbabel in the first return of the Jew from Babylon, B. C. 536. He began to prophesy in the second year of Darius Hystaspis, B. C. 520; and the object of his prophesying as to excite his countrymen to begin again the building of the temple, which had been so long interrupted. In this he was successful, Darius having granted a decree for this purpose, Ezra 6:1-22. The exceeding glory of the second temple was, as he foretold, that Christ "the Desire of all nations" came into it, and made the place of his feet glorious, Haggai 2:7-9.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Festive, one of the twelve so-called minor prophets. He was the first of the three (Zechariah, his contemporary, and Malachi, who was about one hundred years later, being the other two) whose ministry belonged to the period of Jewish history which began after the return from captivity in Babylon. Scarcely anything is known of his personal history. He may have been one of the captives taken to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. He began his ministry about sixteen years after the Return. The work of rebuilding the temple had been put a stop to through the intrigues of the Samaritans. After having been suspended for fifteen years, the work was resumed through the efforts of Haggai and Zechariah (Ezra 6:14), who by their exhortations roused the people from their lethargy, and induced them to take advantage of the favourable opportunity that had arisen in a change in the policy of the Persian government. (see DARIUS .) Haggai's prophecies have thus been characterized:, "There is a ponderous and simple dignity in the emphatic reiteration addressed alike to every class of the community, prince, priest, and people, `Be strong, be strong, be strong' (2:4). `Cleave, stick fast, to the work you have to do;' or again, `Consider your ways, consider, consider, consider' (1:5, 7;2:15, 18). It is the Hebrew phrase for the endeavour, characteristic of the gifted seers of all times, to compel their hearers to turn the inside of their hearts outwards to their own view, to take the mask from off their consciences, to `see life steadily, and to see it wholly.'", Stanley's Jewish Church. (see SIGNET.)

Haggai, Book of

Consists of two brief, comprehensive chapters. The object of the prophet was generally to urge the people to proceed with the rebuilding of the temple.

Chapter first comprehends the first address (2-11) and its effects (12-15). Chapter second contains,

(1.) The second prophecy (1-9), which was delivered a month after the first.

(2.) The third prophecy (10-19), delivered two months and three days after the second; and

(3.) The fourth prophecy (20-23), delivered on the same day as the third.

These discourses are referred to in Ezra 5:1; 6:14; Hebrews 12:26. (Comp. Haggai 2:7, 8, 22.)

Thesaurus

Haggai (14 Occurrences)
... After having been suspended for fifteen years, the work was resumed through the
efforts of Haggai and Zechariah (Ezra 6:14), who by their exhortations roused ...
/h/haggai.htm - 28k

Jehozadak (8 Occurrences)
... He was the father of Joshua (Jeshua) the priest (Haggai 1:1, 12, 14; Haggai
2:2, 4 Zechariah 6:11). the King James Version has Josedech ...
/j/jehozadak.htm - 10k

Shealtiel (12 Occurrences)
... she-ol'-ti-el (she'alti'el, but in Haggai 1:12, 14; Haggai 2:2, shalti'el; Septuagint
and the New Testament always Salathiel, hence, "Salathiel" of 1 Esdras 5:5 ...
/s/shealtiel.htm - 12k

Zerub'babel (23 Occurrences)
...Haggai 1:12 And Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, and Joshua son of Josedech, the high
priest, and all the remnant of the people, do hearken to the voice of Jehovah ...
/z/zerub'babel.htm - 13k

Zerubbabel (25 Occurrences)
... The seed of Babylon, the son of Salathiel or Shealtiel (Haggai 1:1; Zorobabel, Matthew
1:12); called also the son of Pedaiah (1 Chronicles 3:17-19), ie ...
/z/zerubbabel.htm - 20k

She-al'ti-el (10 Occurrences)
...Haggai 1:12 And Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, and Joshua son of Josedech, the high
priest, and all the remnant of the people, do hearken to the voice of Jehovah ...
/s/she-al'ti-el.htm - 9k

Twentieth (34 Occurrences)
...Haggai 1:15 In the four and twentieth day of the sixth month, in the second
year of Darius the king. (KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS). Haggai...
/t/twentieth.htm - 18k

Nations (683 Occurrences)
... This phrase occurs only in Haggai 2:7 (King James Version, the English Revised Version
"desirable things," the American Revised Version, margin "things desired ...
/n/nations.htm - 58k

Desire (565 Occurrences)
... Easton's Bible Dictionary Desire of all nations. (Haggai 2:7), usually
interpreted as a title of the Messiah. The Revised Version ...
/d/desire.htm - 43k

All (60349 Occurrences)
... This phrase occurs only in Haggai 2:7 (King James Version, the English Revised Version
"desirable things," the American Revised Version, margin "things desired ...
/a/all.htm - 16k

Bible Concordance

Haggai (14 Occurrences)

Genesis 46:16 And the sons of Gad; Ziphion, and Haggai, Shuni, and Ezbon, Eri, and Arodi, and Areli.
(WBS)

Numbers 26:15 The children of Gad after their families: of Zephon, the family of the Zephonites: of Haggai, the family of the Haggites: of Shuni, the family of the Shunites:
(WBS)

Ezra 5:1 Now the prophets, Haggai the prophet, and Zechariah the son of Iddo, prophesied to the Jews who were in Judah and Jerusalem; in the name of the God of Israel prophesied they to them.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Ezra 6:14 The elders of the Jews built and prospered, through the prophesying of Haggai the prophet and Zechariah the son of Iddo. They built and finished it, according to the commandment of the God of Israel, and according to the decree of Cyrus, and Darius, and Artaxerxes king of Persia. the lowest
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Hosea 6:3 Let us acknowledge Yahweh. Let us press on to know Yahweh. As surely as the sun rises, Yahweh will appear. He will come to us like the rain, like the spring rain that waters the earth." Haggai
(WEB)

Haggai 1:1 In the second year of Darius the king, in the sixth month, in the first day of the month, the Word of Yahweh came by Haggai, the prophet, to Zerubbabel, the son of Shealtiel, governor of Judah, and to Joshua, the son of Jehozadak, the high priest, saying,
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Haggai 1:3 Then the Word of Yahweh came by Haggai, the prophet, saying,
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Haggai 1:12 Then Zerubbabel, the son of Shealtiel, and Joshua, the son of Jehozadak, the high priest, with all the remnant of the people, obeyed the voice of Yahweh, their God, and the words of Haggai, the prophet, as Yahweh, their God, had sent him; and the people feared Yahweh.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Haggai 1:13 Then Haggai, Yahweh's messenger, spoke Yahweh's message to the people, saying, "I am with you," says Yahweh.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Haggai 2:1 In the seventh month, in the twenty-first day of the month, the Word of Yahweh came by Haggai the prophet, saying,
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Haggai 2:10 In the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month, in the second year of Darius, the Word of Yahweh came by Haggai the prophet, saying,
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Haggai 2:13 Then Haggai said, "If one who is unclean by reason of a dead body touch any of these, will it be unclean?" The priests answered, "It will be unclean."
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Haggai 2:14 Then Haggai answered, "'So is this people, and so is this nation before me,' says Yahweh;'and so is every work of their hands. That which they offer there is unclean.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Haggai 2:20 The Word of Yahweh came the second time to Haggai in the twenty-fourth day of the month, saying,
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Subtopics

Haggai

Haggai: The Book of Haggai

Haggai: Urges the Jews to Rebuild the Temple

Related Terms

Jehozadak (8 Occurrences)

Shealtiel (12 Occurrences)

Zerub'babel (23 Occurrences)

Zerubbabel (25 Occurrences)

She-al'ti-el (10 Occurrences)

Twentieth (34 Occurrences)

Nations (683 Occurrences)