Bible Encyclopedia: Hagar

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International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

HAGAR

ha'-gar (haghar, "emigration," "flight"; Hagar, Agar): An Egyptian woman, the handmaid or slave of Sarai; a present, perhaps, from Pharaoh when Abram dissembled to him in Egypt (Genesis 12:16). Mention is made of her in two passages (Genesis 16; Genesis 21:8-21).

1. The Scornful Handmaid and Her Flight:

In the first narrative (Genesis 16) it is related that Sarai, despairing at her age of having children, gave Hagar to Abram as a concubine. As Hagar was not an ordinary household slave but the peculiar property of her mistress (compare Genesis 29:24, 29), any offspring which she might bear to Abram would be reckoned as Sarai's (compare Genesis 30:3-9). In the prospect of becoming a mother, Hagar, forgetting her position, seems to have assumed an insolent bearing toward her childless mistress. Sarai felt keenly the contempt shown her by her handmaid, and in angry tones brought her conduct before Abram. Now that her plan was not working out smoothly, she unfairly blamed her husband for what originated with herself, and appealed to Heaven to redress her grievance. Abram refused to interfere in the domestic quarrel, and renouncing his rights over his concubine, and her claims on him, put her entirely at Sarai's disposal. Under the harsh treatment of her mistress Hagar's life became intolerable, and she fled into the wilderness, turning her steps naturally toward Egypt, her native land.

2. Her Vision and Return:

But the angel of Yahweh (who is here introduced for the first time as the medium of theophany) appeared to her as she was resting by a spring and commanded her to return and submit herself to her mistress, promising her an innumerable seed through her unborn son, concerning whom he uttered a striking prediction (see ISHMAEL). To the angel (who is now said to be Yahweh Himself) Hagar gave the name "Thou art a God of seeing" (the Revised Version (British and American) "that seeth"), for she said, "Have I even here (in the desert where God, whose manifestations were supposed to be confined to particular places, might not be expected to reveal Himself) looked after him that seeth me?"-the meaning being that while God saw her, it was only while the all-seeing God in the person of His angel was departing that she became conscious of His presence. The spring where the angel met with her was called in Hebrew tradition Be'er-lachay-ro'i, "the well of the living one who seeth me" (Revised Version, margin).

Obedient to the heavenly vision Hagar returned, as the narrative implies, to her mistress and gave birth to Ishmael, Abram being then eighty-six years old.

The idea in 30:13 is not very clearly expressed. The word translated "here" generally means "hither," and there is no explanation of the "living one" in the name of the well. It has therefore been proposed to emend the Hebrew text and read "Have I even seen God, and lived after my seeing?"-an allusion to the belief that no one could "see God and live" (compare Genesis 32:30 Exodus 33:20). But there are difficulties in the way of accepting this emendation. The name of God, "a God of seeing," would require to be interpreted in an objective sense as "a God who is seen," and the consequent name of the well, "He that seeth me liveth," would make God, not Hagar, as in 30:13, the speaker.

3. Her Harsh Expulsion and Divine Help:

The other narrative (Genesis 21:8-21) relates what occurred in connection with the weaning of Isaac. The presence and conduct of Ishmael during the family feast held on the occasion roused the anger and jealousy of Sarah who, fearing that Ishmael would share the inheritance with Isaac, peremptorily demanded the expulsion of the slave-mother and her son. But the instincts of Abraham's fatherly heart recoiled from such a cruel course, and it was only after the revelation was made to him that the ejection of Hagar and her son would be in the line of the Divine purpose-for Isaac was his real seed, while Ishmael would be made a nation too-that he was led to forego his natural feelings and accede to Sarah's demand. So next morning the bondwoman and her son were sent forth with the bare provision of bread and a skin of water into the wilderness of Beersheba. When the water was spent, Hagar, unable to bear the sight of her boy dying from thirst, laid him under a shrub and withdrew the distance of a bowshot to weep out her sorrow. But the angel of God, calling to her out of heaven, comforted her with the assurance that God had heard the voice of the lad and that there was a great future before him. Then her eyes were opened to discover a well of water from which she filled the skin and gave her son to drink. With God's blessing the lad grew up amid the desert's hardships, distinguished for his skill with the bow. He made his home in the wilderness of Paran, and his mother took a wife for him out of her own country.

4. Practical Lessons from the History:

The life and experience of Hagar teach, among other truths, the temptations incident to a new position; the foolishness of hasty action in times of trial and difficulty; the care exercised over the lonely by the all-seeing God; the Divine purpose in the life of everyone, however obscure and friendless; how God works out His gracious purposes by seemingly harsh methods; and the strength, comfort and encouragement that ever accompany the hardest experiences of His children.

5. Critical Points in the Documents:

Genesis 16 belongs to the Jahwist, J, (except 16:1a, 3, 15 which are from P), and 21:8-21 to East. From the nature of the variations in the narratives many critics hold that we have here two different accounts of the same incident. But the narratives as they stand seem to be quite distinct, the one referring to Hagar's flight before the birth of Ishmael, and the other to her expulsion at the weaning of Isaac. It is said, however, that Elohist (E) represents Ishmael as a child "playing" (The Revised Veersion, margin, Septuagint paizonta) with Isaac at the weaning festival, and young enough to be carried by his mother and "cast" under a shrub; while according to the Priestly Code, the Priestly Code (P), (Genesis 16:16; Genesis 21:5), as a child was weaned at the age of two or three years, he would be a lad of sixteen at that time. The argument for the double narrative here does not seem conclusive. The word metsacheq (16:9) does not necessarily mean "playing" when used absolutely; it is so used in Genesis 19:14, evidently in the sense of "mocking" or "jesting," and Delitzsch gives it that meaning there. Then as to 19:14, the Massoretic Text does not state that the child was put on her shoulder, although the Septuagint does; nor does "cast" (19:15) so "clearly imply" that Ishmael was an infant carried by his mother (compare Matthew 15:30). It may be added that the words yeledh and na`ar, translated "child" and "lad" respectively, determine nothing as to age, as they are each used elsewhere in both senses.

6. Allegorical Use of the Story by Paul:

In Galatians 4:21 Paul makes an allegorical use of this episode in the history of Ishmael and Isaac to support his argument for the transitory character of the Jewish ritual and the final triumph of Christian freedom over all Judaizing tendencies. In elaborating his reference, the apostle institutes a series of contrasts. Hagar, the bondwoman, represents the old covenant which was given from Mt. Sinai; and as Ishmael was Abraham's son after the flesh, so the Judaizing Christians, who wish to remain in bondage to the law, are Hagar's children. On the other hand, Sarah, the freewoman, represents the new covenant instituted by Christ; and as Isaac was born to Abraham in virtue of the promise, so the Christians who have freed themselves entirely from the law of carnal ordinances and live by faith are Sarah's children. Thus Hagar corresponds to "the Jerusalem that now is," that is, the Jewish state which is in spiritual bondage with her children; while Sarah represents "the Jerusalem that is above," "our mother" (Revised Version (British and American)), the mother of us Christians, that free spiritual city to which Christians even now belong (Philippians 3:20). By this allegory the apostle would warn the Galatian Christians of the danger which beset them from their Judaizing brethren, of their subjection to the covenant of works and their ultimate expulsion from the household of faith.

To us Paul's reference does not appeal with the same force as it would do to those to whom he was writing. The incident taken by itself, indeed, does not contain any suggestion of such a hidden meaning. Yet the history of the Hebrew nation is but typical of the history of the church in all ages, and the apostle's familiarity with rabbinical modes of interpretation may have led him to adopt this method of confirming the truth which he had already proved from the law itself.

For a discussion of the text and interpretation of Galatians 4:25 a, "Now this Hagar is mount Sinai in Arabia," and an account of Philo's allegory of Hagar and Sarah, see Lightfoot's notes at the end of chapter iv in his Commentary on Gal.

James Crichton

Greek

28. Hagar -- Hagar, a concubine of Abraham
... 27, 28. Hagar. 29 . Hagar, a concubine of Abraham. Part of Speech: Proper
Noun, Indeclinable Transliteration: Hagar Phonetic Spelling ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/28.htm - 6k

29. aggareuo -- to impress, compel
... Word Origin of Pers. origin, cf. iggerah Definition to impress, compel NASB
Word Usage forces (1), pressed into service (2). Hagar. ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/29.htm - 6k

Strong's Hebrew

1904. Hagar -- Sarah's Eg. maid, the mother of Ishmael
... 1903, 1904. Hagar. 1905 . Sarah's Eg. maid, the mother of Ishmael. Transliteration:
Hagar Phonetic Spelling: (haw-gawr') Short Definition: Hagar. ...
/hebrew/1904.htm - 6k

1905. Hagri -- a tribe East of the Jordan, also a member of the ...
... Word Origin from Hagar Definition a tribe E. of the Jordan, also a member of the
tribe, also an Isr. ... see HEBREW Hagar. 1904, 1905. Hagri. 1906 . ...
/hebrew/1905.htm - 6k

Library

The Story of Hagar and Ishmael
... THE STORY OF HAGAR AND ISHMAEL. After the great flood ... son Isaac. Send away Hagar
and her boy, for they are a trouble to me.". And Abraham ...
/.../marshall/the wonder book of bible stories/the story of hagar and.htm

The Allegories of Sarah and Hagar
... The Allegories of Sarah and Hagar. A Sermon (No.69). Delivered ... two. I. First,
we invite you to notice THE TWO WOMEN"Hagar and Sarah. ...
/.../spurgeon/spurgeons sermons volume 2 1856/the allegories of sarah and.htm

Of Sarah's Handmaid, Hagar, whom She Herself Wished to be ...
... Book XVI. Chapter 25."Of Sarah's Handmaid, Hagar, Whom She Herself Wished
to Be Abraham's Concubine. And here follow the times ...
/.../augustine/city of god/chapter 25 of sarahs handmaid hagar.htm

The Pioneer's Influence Upon a Nation's Ideals.
... The two accounts of the expulsion of Hagar and the birth of Ishmael, in Genesis
16:1-16 and 21:1-20 differ rather widely in details. ...
/.../kent/the making of a nation/study v the pioneers influence.htm

The Angel of the Lord in the Pentateuch, and the Book of Joshua.
... The general tenor of these passages will be best exemplified by the first among
them,"the narrative of Hagar in Genesis 16.In ver.7, we are told that the ...
/.../hengstenberg/christology of the old testament/the angel of the lord.htm

Argument. --Moreover Also, from the Fact that He who was Seen of ...
... And if, moreover, the angel meets with Hagar, Sarah's maid, driven from her home
as well as turned away, near the fountain of water in the way to Shur; asks ...
/.../chapter xviii argument moreover also from.htm

Peter Commits Perjury.
... In the hall were the servant maids, Sarah and Hagar, who seeing the soldiers standing
outside, went to the door, and said, "You may come in here." It was Hagar ...
/.../stead/king of the jews/chapter v peter commits perjury.htm

God's Care for the Boy Ishmael
... day that he was weaned. But Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian and of
Abraham playing with her son Isaac. And she said to Abraham ...
//christianbookshelf.org/sherman/the childrens bible/gods care for the boy.htm

Abraham --The Father of the Faithful.
... he was about a year old they made a great feast for him, and all brought gifts and
good wishes, yet the little lad Ishmael, the son of Hagar, Sarah's servant ...
/.../lathbury/childs story of the bible/chapter iii abrahamthe father of.htm

What is Meant by Abraham's Marrying Keturah after Sarah's Death.
... And yet, if Hagar and Ishmael, as the apostle teaches us, signified the carnal people
of the old covenant, why may not Keturah and her sons also signify the ...
//christianbookshelf.org/augustine/city of god/chapter 34 what is meant by.htm

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

Hagar

a stranger; one that fears

Smith's Bible Dictionary

Hagar

(flight), an Egyptian woman, the handmaid or slave of Sarah, (Genesis 16:1) whom the latter gave as a concubine to Abraham, after he had dwelt ten years in the land of Canaan and had no children by Sarah. ch (Genesis 16:2,3) (B.C. 1912.) When Hagar saw that she had conceived, "her mistress was despised in her eyes," v. 4, and Sarah, with the anger, we may suppose, of a free woman rather than of a wife, reproached Abraham for the results of her own act. Hagar fled, turning her steps toward her native land through the great wilderness traversed by the Egyptian road. By the fountain in the way to Shur the angel of the Lord found her, charged her to return and submit herself under the hands of her mistress, and delivered the remarkable prophecy respecting her unborn child recorded in vs. 10-12. On her return she gave birth to Ishmael, and Abraham was then eighty-six years old. When Ishmael was about sixteen years old, he was caught by Sarah making sport of her young son Isaac at the festival of his weaning, and Sarah demanded the expulsion of Hagar and her son. She again fled toward Egypt, and when in despair at the want of water, an angel again appeared to her, pointed out a fountain close by, and renewed the former promises to her. (Genesis 21:9-21) St. Paul, (Galatians 4:25) refers to her as the type of the old covenant of the law.

ATS Bible Dictionary

Hagar

Stranger, an Egyptian bondmaid in the household of Sarah, Genesis 12:16, who, being barren, gave her to Abraham for a secondary wife, that by her, as a substitute, she might have children in accordance with the customs of the East in that age. The history of Hagar is given in Genesis 16:1-16; 17:1-27; 21:1-34. In an allegory, Paul makes Hagar represent the Jewish church, which was in bondage to the ceremonial law; as Sarah represents the true church of Christ, which is free from this bondage, Galatians 4:24. Her name is much honored among the Arabs claiming to be her descendants.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Flight, or, according to others, stranger, an Egyptian, Sarah's handmaid (Genesis 16:1; 21:9, 10), whom she gave to Abraham (q.v.) as a secondary wife (16:2). When she was about to become a mother she fled from the cruelty of her mistress, intending apparently to return to her relatives in Egypt, through the desert of Shur, which lay between. Wearied and worn she had reached the place she distinguished by the name of Beer-lahai-roi ("the well of the visible God"), where the angel of the Lord appeared to her. In obedience to the heavenly visitor she returned to the tent of Abraham, where her son Ishmael was born, and where she remained (16) till after the birth of Isaac, the space of fourteen years. Sarah after this began to vent her dissatisfaction both on Hagar and her child. Ishmael's conduct was insulting to Sarah, and she insisted that he and his mother should be dismissed. This was accordingly done, although with reluctance on the part of Abraham (Genesis 21:14). They wandered out into the wilderness, where Ishmael, exhausted with his journey and faint from thirst, seemed about to die. Hagar "lifted up her voice and wept," and the angel of the Lord, as before, appeared unto her, and she was comforted and delivered out of her distresses (Genesis 21:18, 19).

Ishmael afterwards established himself in the wilderness of Paran, where he married an Egyptian (Genesis 21:20, 21).

"Hagar" allegorically represents the Jewish church (Galatians 4:24), in bondage to the ceremonial law; while "Sarah" represents the Christian church, which is free.

Thesaurus

Hagar (15 Occurrences)
... years. Sarah after this began to vent her dissatisfaction both on Hagar
and her child. ... Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia. HAGAR. ha ...
/h/hagar.htm - 22k

Hagar's (1 Occurrence)
... Multi-Version Concordance Hagar's (1 Occurrence). Genesis 16:16 and Abram 'is' a
son of eighty and six years in Hagar's bearing Ishmael to Abram. (YLT). ...
/h/hagar's.htm - 6k

Ish'mael (40 Occurrences)
... affliction. (See RSV). Genesis 16:15 And Hagar bore Abram a son; and Abram called
the name of his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. (See RSV). ...
/i/ish'mael.htm - 18k

Egyptian (35 Occurrences)
... She had a handmaid, an Egyptian, whose name was Hagar. ... Genesis 21:9 Sarah saw the
son of Hagar the Egyptian, whom she had borne to Abraham, mocking. ...
/e/egyptian.htm - 19k

Maidservant (73 Occurrences)
... And she had an Egyptian maidservant; and her name was Hagar. (DBY NIV). ... (DBY). Genesis
16:8 And he said, Hagar, Sarai's maidservant, whence comest thou? ...
/m/maidservant.htm - 28k

Sarai (13 Occurrences)
... God. She therefore adopts the expedient of being "builded by" her personal
slave, Hagar the Egyptian (see Genesis 16:2 margin). ...
/s/sarai.htm - 20k

Ishmael (44 Occurrences)
... Easton's Bible Dictionary God hears. (1.) Abraham's eldest son, by Hagar
the concubine (Genesis 16:15; 17:23). He ... 16). (see HAGAR.). ...
/i/ishmael.htm - 38k

Lad (66 Occurrences)
... Genesis 21:14 And Abraham riseth early in the morning, and taketh bread, and a bottle
of water, and giveth unto Hagar (placing 'it' on her shoulder), also the ...
/l/lad.htm - 27k

Beerlahairoi (1 Occurrence)
... Ie, "the well of him that liveth and seeth me," or, as some render it, "the well
of the vision of life", the well where the Lord met with Hagar (Genesis 16:7-14 ...
/b/beerlahairoi.htm - 8k

Beer-lahai-roi (3 Occurrences)
... Ie, "the well of him that liveth and seeth me," or, as some render it, "the well
of the vision of life", the well where the Lord met with Hagar (Genesis 16:7-14 ...
/b/beer-lahai-roi.htm - 8k

Bible Concordance

Hagar (15 Occurrences)

Galatians 4:24 These things contain an allegory, for these are two covenants. One is from Mount Sinai, bearing children to bondage, which is Hagar.
(WEB ASV BBE DBY YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Galatians 4:25 For this Hagar is Mount Sinai in Arabia, and answers to the Jerusalem that exists now, for she is in bondage with her children.
(WEB WEY ASV BBE DBY YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Genesis 16:1 Now Sarai, Abram's wife, bore him no children. She had a handmaid, an Egyptian, whose name was Hagar.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Genesis 16:3 Sarai, Abram's wife, took Hagar the Egyptian, her handmaid, after Abram had lived ten years in the land of Canaan, and gave her to Abram her husband to be his wife.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Genesis 16:4 He went in to Hagar, and she conceived. When she saw that she had conceived, her mistress was despised in her eyes.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Genesis 16:6 But Abram said to Sarai, "Behold, your maid is in your hand. Do to her whatever is good in your eyes." Sarai dealt harshly with her, and she fled from her face.
(See NIV)

Genesis 16:7 The angel of Yahweh found her by a fountain of water in the wilderness, by the fountain in the way to Shur.
(See NIV)

Genesis 16:8 He said, "Hagar, Sarai's handmaid, where did you come from? Where are you going?" She said, "I am fleeing from the face of my mistress Sarai."
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Genesis 16:15 Hagar bore a son for Abram. Abram called the name of his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Genesis 16:16 Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Genesis 21:9 Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, whom she had borne to Abraham, mocking.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Genesis 21:12 But God said, Let it not be a grief to you because of the boy and Hagar his mother; give ear to whatever Sarah says to you, because it is from Isaac that your seed will take its name.
(BBE)

Genesis 21:14 Abraham rose up early in the morning, and took bread and a bottle of water, and gave it to Hagar, putting it on her shoulder; and gave her the child, and sent her away. She departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba. Exodus
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Genesis 21:17 God heard the voice of the boy. The angel of God called to Hagar out of the sky, and said to her, "What ails you, Hagar? Don't be afraid. For God has heard the voice of the boy where he is.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Genesis 25:12 Now this is the history of the generations of Ishmael, Abraham's son, whom Hagar the Egyptian, Sarah's handmaid, bore to Abraham.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Subtopics

Hagar

Hagar: Called Agar

Hagar: Descendants of

Hagar: Given by Sarah to Abraham to be his Wife

Related Terms

Hagar's (1 Occurrence)

Ish'mael (40 Occurrences)

Egyptian (35 Occurrences)

Maidservant (73 Occurrences)

Sarai (13 Occurrences)

Ishmael (44 Occurrences)